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","subtitle":"What you can expect at the gynecologist’s office","seoMetaTitle":"Pelvic Exam vs Pap Smear 101: Key Differences Explained","seoMetaDescription":"Understand the differences between a pelvic exam vs a Pap smear, and learn why both are important for reproductive health.","openGraphTitle":"Pelvic Exam vs Pap Smear: What’s the Difference?","openGraphDescription":"Understand the differences between a pelvic exam and a Pap smear.","slug":"cycle-a-z/gynecological-pelvic-exams-and-pap-tests-101","artCredits":"Illustration by Marta Pucci","publishDate":"2025-01-10T00:00+01:00","updatedAt":"2026-03-26T18:01:32.741Z","createdAt":"2018-02-05T16:10:41.855Z","locale":"en","authors":[{"id":"3yOw6KNqE7hrKpgfcoBOc","name":"Eve Lepage, MSN, RN","headline":"Senior Reproductive Health Advisor at Clue","slug":"eve-lepage-msn-rn","twitter":null,"locale":"en","profileImage":{"id":"3bz7NZ9YfaBs9sK3hJihTc","description":"A photo of the 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to screen for cancerous changes on your cervix\n* Routine Pap tests greatly reduce the number of new cases of cervical cancer\ndiagnosed each year and deaths from the disease\n\n## What happens during a gynecological exam?\nA gynecological pelvic exam is an inspection of your external and internal\ngenital area, and an assessment of the health of your reproductive system and\norgans. It’s usually performed by your primary healthcare provider (like your\nfamily doctor, or nurse practitioner) or by a specialist like a gynecologist.\n\nA pelvic exam usually involves three parts.\n\n1. A visual and physical inspection of the external genitalia (your entire\nvulva, including your labia, pubic hair, and the opening of your vagina).\n2. A speculum exam, when a speculum (a medical tool that is used to gently widen\nthe vagina) is inserted into your vagina to allow your healthcare provider to\nsee and assess the health of your\n[cervix](https://helloclue.com/articles/cycle-a-z/how-to-find-feel-your-cervix)\nand vagina. Sometimes a sample may be taken in and around your vagina and cervix\nand to check the acidity of your vagina, and assessed for the presence of\ninfections or changes in your cervical cells.\n3. A *bimanual* exam, in which your healthcare provider inserts two fingers into\nyour vagina and places their other hand on your abdomen to assess the size and\nmobility of your uterus and ovaries. This may sound daunting at first, but\nshouldn’t be painful.\n\nSometimes additional information is required, and your healthcare provider may\nalso order blood tests or ultrasounds.\n\n## What is a Pap test?\nA *Papanicolaou* test/smear (Pap test) is one of the tests performed during a\npelvic exam, during the speculum portion (step 2). It is used to screen for\ncervical cancer and precancerous changes.\n\nTo get the most accurate results, you should not be menstruating and should have\navoided sexual intercourse, douches, or vaginal suppositories for 48 hours\nbeforehand (1). This is because these fluids may alter the results of the lab\ntests. If you’re wondering whether you should reschedule your exam, call your\nhealthcare provider before the appointment.\n\nDuring the speculum portion of the exam, a very small spatula, brush, or broom\nis partially inserted into the opening of your cervix and rotated. This should\nnot be painful, but some people may feel some discomfort. By rotating the brush,\na small sample of cervical cells is removed. Then the brush is withdrawn, and is\neither smeared along a glass slide, or the top of the brush is removed and\nstored in a small liquid-filled container. The sample (slide or liquid) is then\nsent off to a lab. In the lab, cytology (an inspection of the cells) will be\nperformed to see if there are any abnormal cells, which could indicate\nprecancerous or cancerous changes.\n\n## HPV and the link to cervical cancer\nIt’s common for an HPV (human papillomavirus) test to be done at the same time\nas a Pap test. An HPV test uses the same sample of cells from the Pap test, and\ntests for the presence of HPV in the sample.\n\nHPV is a *very* common virus that is often transmitted during sexual\nintercourse. Most people who are sexually active are infected at least once in\ntheir lifetime (2). The majority of HPV infections clear up within 2 years, and\ndo not cause any diseases or symptoms (2,3).\n\nThere are over 100 strands of HPV. Two strands in particular, HPV 16 and HPV 18,\nare responsible for 7 in 10 cases of cervical cancers and precancerous changes\n(4,5). These strands of HPV have also been associated with cancers of the\nanogenital region and oropharynx (throat tissue) cancers (4,5). Other strands,\nsuch as HPV 6 and HPV 11, are responsible for genital warts (2).\n\nThere are available vaccines that specifically target these cancer-causing\nstrains of HPV.\n\nIn developing areas with limited resources, other screening techniques are used,\nincluding visual inspections of the cervix with acetic acid (vinegar) or iodine\nstaining (5,6). These techniques provide immediate results at a much lower cost,\nwhich can allow for more access and rapid treatment of any cervical\npre-cancerous growths (6). However, these visual screening techniques are not as\nreliable as Pap tests (7). False positives are also common when there is\ninflammation, irritation, genital warts, or hyperkeratosis present on the cervix\n(8).\n\n## Why are Pap and HPV tests so important?\nThe invention of the Pap test in the 1940s has had a major public health impact\n(2).**Before the invention of this screening tool, cervical cancer was one of\nthe leading causes of death for women of childbearing age in the United States** (2). Since this screening technique became the gold standard, deaths from\ncervical cancer in the US have decreased by 60% (2).\n\nAs of 2012, cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide\n(2,5). In developing countries, many people still lack access to Pap test\nscreenings (5). Most deaths from cervical cancer (17 in 20) happen in these\ncountries (2).\n\n## Cervical cancer prevention\nAvoiding infection of HPV is the best way to prevent cervical cancer. Using a\nbarrier method like condoms is the best way to prevent the transmission of\nsexually transmitted infections like HPV. If you received the HPV vaccination\nbefore you became sexually active, this should also protect you against\nhigh-risk strains of HPV, like those that can cause cancer.\n\nHPV infections may be less likely to clear up in a person who smokes cigarettes,\nhas a compromised immune system, or has an HIV infection (2). There is also some\nevidence suggesting condom use may also help in clearing HPV and regressing\nprecancerous changes, possibly by minimizing re-exposure to HPV during sexual\nencounters (9).\n\n## How often should you get a pelvic exam and Pap test?\nThe American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends\nhaving your first full pelvic exam (including a Pap test) at age 21 (10,11). But\nthis doesn’t mean you should not see a gynecologist or healthcare provider\nbefore turning 21. If you are younger than 21 (and especially if you are\nsexually active), be sure to see your healthcare provider for information about\nyour reproductive health, contraception options, and STI prevention (11).\n\nAfter turning 21, ACOG recommends that you see your healthcare professional\nevery year for an annual pelvic exam (10). So long as tests come back negative,\n[cervical cancer screening\ntests](https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Cervical-Cancer-Screening-Infographic)\nshould be performed every three years until age 29 (11). From ages 30 to 65, Pap\ntests and HPV screening should be done every five years (10). Once a person has\nreached 65 years old and their last three consecutive screenings have been\nnegative, then Paps tests are no longer recommended by ACOG (11).\n\nPerhaps these recommendations will change in the future, as new research shows\nthat people who are over 65 account for 1 in 5 cases of cervical cancer, and a\ndecline in rates of cervical cancer does not happen until age 85 (12,13).\n\nOthers countries have different guidelines for how often someone should get a\npelvic exam and a Pap smear.\n\n__[Download Clue](https://app.adjust.com/igpp9s) to track your pelvic exams with\nthe “Appointment” category and use the calendar to predict the timing of your\nmenstrual period up to 3 months in advance.__"},"bodyRichText":{"raw":"{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"Top things to know:\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"heading-2\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"A pelvic exam is an assessment of your external and internal genital areas, as well as an evaluation of your reproductive system and organs\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"}],\"nodeType\":\"list-item\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"A Pap test (or Pap smear) screens for cancerous or precancerous changes on your cervix, while an HPV test (\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"italic\"}],\"value\":\"Human Papillomavirus test\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\") screens for high-risk HPV types that can cause cervical cancer\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"}],\"nodeType\":\"list-item\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"Routine cervical cancer screening significantly reduces new cases of cervical cancer and helps lower deaths from the disease\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"}],\"nodeType\":\"list-item\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"You can use \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{\"uri\":\"https://helloclue.com/clue-plus\"},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"value\":\"Clue\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"hyperlink\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\" to track symptoms related to pelvic health, such as pain, bleeding levels, and discharge, which can help you be better prepared for your next healthcare visit \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"}],\"nodeType\":\"list-item\"}],\"nodeType\":\"unordered-list\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"What happens during a gynecological pelvic exam?\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"heading-2\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"A pelvic exam is sometimes part of a well-woman visit, a routine checkup focusing on preventative care and reproductive health. During this visit, your healthcare provider will typically discuss your medical history, lifestyle, any symptoms you’re experiencing, and any concerns you may have. It’s also an opportunity to talk about family planning and birth control, and undergo screenings such as Pap smears for cervical cancer, breast exams, and tests for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (1). \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"A pelvic exam typically involves a visual and physical exam of your internal and external genitalia and reproductive organs (1). This exam helps identify infections, atypical growths (such as uterine \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{\"target\":{\"sys\":{\"id\":\"Z68Iy0AswMuO2M4U6OS2K\",\"type\":\"Link\",\"linkType\":\"Entry\"}}},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"value\":\"fibroids\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"entry-hyperlink\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"), or other conditions that could affect your reproductive health. It’s usually performed by a primary healthcare provider, such as a family doctor or nurse practitioner, or by a specialist in women’s health, like an obstetrician-gynecologist (OB/GYN).\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"A pelvic exam usually involves three parts:\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"value\":\"A visual and physical inspection of the external genitalia:\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\" Your healthcare provider will examine your \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{\"target\":{\"sys\":{\"id\":\"5FKMeIRE1aOy4cgOAO4WU0\",\"type\":\"Link\",\"linkType\":\"Entry\"}}},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"value\":\"vulva\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"entry-hyperlink\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\", labia, pubic hair, and vaginal opening for any signs of infection or change.\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"}],\"nodeType\":\"list-item\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"value\":\"A speculum exam\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\": A speculum is a smooth instrument (usually made from plastic or metal) designed to gently widen the vaginal walls. Speculums come in different sizes to suit each person’s body and comfort. During the exam, your healthcare provider will insert the speculum into the \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{\"target\":{\"sys\":{\"id\":\"5l4eZwDEJOQEOk6wEIWE8q\",\"type\":\"Link\",\"linkType\":\"Entry\"}}},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"value\":\"vagina\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"entry-hyperlink\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\" and gently open it so that they can clearly see the \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{\"target\":{\"sys\":{\"id\":\"1xzASl7TDCk08GyUMyKkuU\",\"type\":\"Link\",\"linkType\":\"Entry\"}}},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"value\":\"cervix\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"entry-hyperlink\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\". At this point, a Pap test or HPV test can be performed, in which a sample of cells is taken from the cervix to check for any precancerous or cancerous changes. While the speculum may feel cold or cause slight pressure, it shouldn’t be painful. You can ask your provider to explain each step as they go, so you know what to expect.\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"}],\"nodeType\":\"list-item\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"value\":\"A bimanual exam\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\": In this step, your healthcare provider inserts two gloved fingers into your vagina while pressing gently on your abdomen with their other hand. This allows them to assess the size, shape, and position of your uterus and ovaries. Although it may feel strange or uncomfortable, it shouldn’t be painful. \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"}],\"nodeType\":\"list-item\"}],\"nodeType\":\"ordered-list\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"If you’ve noticed any changes in your bleeding, or have pain or unusual discharge, your healthcare provider may suggest a blood test or ultrasound (2). You can track these symptoms using Clue to help you discuss any changes with your healthcare provider. \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{\"target\":{\"sys\":{\"id\":\"OXpK22iWsOFIiOxBRM1Yn\",\"type\":\"Link\",\"linkType\":\"Entry\"}}},\"content\":[],\"nodeType\":\"embedded-entry-block\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"What is a Pap test?\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"heading-2\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"A Pap test (Pap smear), named after its inventor, Greek physician Georgios Papanicolaou, checks for precancerous or cancerous changes in the cervix by looking for abnormal cells (3). Most cases of cervical cancer are linked to HPV (\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"italic\"}],\"value\":\"Human Papillomavirus\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"), a common \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{\"target\":{\"sys\":{\"id\":\"7eWVEu3fOMEISwyyC22mEw\",\"type\":\"Link\",\"linkType\":\"Entry\"}}},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"value\":\"sexually transmitted infection\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"entry-hyperlink\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\" that can cause changes in the cervical cells (4). While a Pap test does not directly test for HPV, HPV can be tested separately. We’ll cover this in more detail in the next section. \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"During the Pap test, a small tool called a spatula or brush is partially inserted into the cervix and rotated to collect a sample of cervical cells (5). This shouldn’t be painful, but some people may feel mild discomfort. The sample is then smeared onto a glass slide or placed into a liquid-filled container to be sent to a lab, where \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"italic\"}],\"value\":\"cytology\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\" (the study of cells) will be performed to check for any abnormal cells that could indicate precancerous or cancerous changes. \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"How do I prepare for a Pap test?\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"heading-2\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"To get the most accurate results, avoid sexual intercourse, douches, and vaginal medicines or spermicidal foam for 48 hours before your Pap test, as certain fluids can interfere with the lab results (5). You can still have a Pap test if you’re menstruating, but some providers recommend scheduling your test in the middle of your cycle (5). If you're unsure about whether to reschedule, it's always a good idea to ask your healthcare provider.\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{\"target\":{\"sys\":{\"id\":\"5PQGdjuX1d7JqYAE3I7bGV\",\"type\":\"Link\",\"linkType\":\"Entry\"}}},\"content\":[],\"nodeType\":\"embedded-entry-block\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"What if I experience pain or discomfort during a Pap test?\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"heading-2\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"It’s perfectly okay to feel nervous or uncomfortable during a Pap test, but if you experience any pain or have concerns during the procedure, it’s important to advocate for yourself. Speak up and let your healthcare provider know if something feels off. They can adjust their approach or offer suggestions to make the process smoother, like taking a break or using extra lubrication.\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"Understanding the results of your Pap test\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"heading-2\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"It can take a few days to a few weeks to receive your test results. Abnormal results do not automatically mean cancer. In most cases, abnormal results are not cancerous and can often be treated or monitored with follow-up care. \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"Here’s a breakdown of the different types of results and what to expect if you receive them:\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"Normal (negative) result\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"heading-3\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"value\":\"What it means:\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\" Your Pap test showed no abnormal or precancerous changes. \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"value\":\"What to expect:\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\" Your healthcare provider will likely recommend continuing with regular screenings, typically every 3–5 years, depending on the guidelines in your country, your age, and your medical history (6).\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"Unsatisfactory or incomplete result\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"heading-3\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"value\":\"What it means: \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"The sample collected was too small to provide a reliable result.\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"value\":\"What to expect: \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"Your healthcare provider will likely recommend doing another Pap test in a few weeks (6).\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"Abnormal (positive) result\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"heading-3\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"value\":\"What it means: \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"Your Pap test showed changes in the cells of your cervix. This doesn’t necessarily mean cancer, and in most cases, it isn’t. Non-HPV factors, such as irritation, infections (like \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{\"target\":{\"sys\":{\"id\":\"1jaNjWpQXSgYEaawuq8Q4I\",\"type\":\"Link\",\"linkType\":\"Entry\"}}},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"yeast infections\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"entry-hyperlink\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"), growths (like \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{\"target\":{\"sys\":{\"id\":\"17h6dU5sU80G8y2KoGWcME\",\"type\":\"Link\",\"linkType\":\"Entry\"}}},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"value\":\"polyps\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"entry-hyperlink\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"), or hormonal changes during pregnancy or menopause, can sometimes lead to abnormal results. \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"value\":\"What to expect: \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"Depending on your specific results, your healthcare provider may recommend (6):\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"value\":\"HPV Testing:\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\" To check for high-risk HPV types\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"}],\"nodeType\":\"list-item\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"value\":\"Colposcopy: \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"Where a microscope is used to closely examine the cervix. This can help determine the severity of the changes and if a biopsy (tissue sample) is necessary\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"}],\"nodeType\":\"list-item\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"value\":\"Biopsy\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\": To take a tissue sample for further examination\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"}],\"nodeType\":\"list-item\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"value\":\"Treatment:\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\" Options like \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"italic\"}],\"value\":\"cryotherapy \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"(freezing abnormal cells) or \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"italic\"}],\"value\":\"LEEP\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\" (removal of abnormal tissue) may be recommended if the changes are more concerning\\n\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"}],\"nodeType\":\"list-item\"}],\"nodeType\":\"unordered-list\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"value\":\"What is HPV and how is it linked to cervical cancer?\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"heading-2\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"HPV is a \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"italic\"}],\"value\":\"very \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"common virus, with most sexually active people being infected at least once in their lifetime (4). There are over 200 types of HPV, but two high-risk types—HPV 16 and HPV 18—are responsible for the majority of cervical cancer cases (4). These strains have also been linked to cancers of the anus, genital region, and throat. Other types, like HPV 6 and 11, cause \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{\"target\":{\"sys\":{\"id\":\"1rcvXokaaAKUow8k0wgUCa\",\"type\":\"Link\",\"linkType\":\"Entry\"}}},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"genital warts\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"entry-hyperlink\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\" (3). Most HPV infections clear up on their own within two years, without causing symptoms or disease (3,7). \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"However, persistent infections with high-risk types can lead to cervical cancer if not detected early. HPV infections may be harder to clear in people who smoke, have a weakened immune system, or are HIV-positive (4). Screening is important for catching precancerous changes before they develop into cancer. \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"\\nPreventing cervical cancer\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"heading-2\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"As of 2023, there are six HPV vaccines available worldwide, all protecting against the high-risk HPV types 16 and 18 (4). These vaccines have been shown to be safe and effective in preventing both HPV infection and cervical cancer. The vaccine is recommended for all girls aged 9–14 before they become sexually active. Some countries also offer the vaccine to boys to help reduce the spread of HPV in the community (4). \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"value\":\"Even if you’re vaccinated against HPV, you still need regular screenings. \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"The HPV vaccine protects against the most common high-risk strains, but it doesn’t cover every type of HPV—and it can’t protect you from strains you might’ve been exposed to before you got the shot. That’s why continuing routine Pap or HPV testing and other preventative care is important for staying on top of your cervical health (8). \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{\"target\":{\"sys\":{\"id\":\"oja6hS7J467x0U53QYpPl\",\"type\":\"Link\",\"linkType\":\"Entry\"}}},\"content\":[],\"nodeType\":\"embedded-entry-block\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"Using condoms can help lower the risk of transmitting or contracting HPV, but they aren’t completely fail-safe. This is because HPV can be present on the skin around the genital area not covered by a condom. Even when condoms are used correctly and consistently, there’s still a chance that HPV could spread through any uncovered areas. However, using condoms remains an important way to reduce the overall risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HPV, \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{\"target\":{\"sys\":{\"id\":\"5p34S8EFLq2ac6qqKSaUOS\",\"type\":\"Link\",\"linkType\":\"Entry\"}}},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"value\":\"chlamydia\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"entry-hyperlink\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\", and \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{\"target\":{\"sys\":{\"id\":\"3p2c8Mz7a8SAE0KCEyii28\",\"type\":\"Link\",\"linkType\":\"Entry\"}}},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"value\":\"gonorrhea\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"entry-hyperlink\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\" (9). \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"HPV tests\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"heading-2\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"HPV tests can be done along with a Pap test (\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"italic\"}],\"value\":\"co-testing\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"), using the same sample. The Pap test looks for abnormal cells, while the HPV test checks for high-risk HPV types that can cause these cell changes (10). \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"italic\"}],\"value\":\"HPV primary testing \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"only tests for the virus, and does not involve a Pap smear. This test specifically looks for high-risk HPV types and is considered more effective than Pap tests at detecting cervical cancer cases earlier (2). \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"Unlike the Pap test, you do not need to do anything to prepare for an HPV test.\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"Understanding the result of your HPV test\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"heading-2\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"HPV test results show whether high-risk HPV types are present in cervical cells (6).\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"value\":\"Negative result\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\": No high-risk HPV detected. Your provider will likely recommend continuing regular screenings\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"}],\"nodeType\":\"list-item\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"value\":\"Positive result\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\": High-risk HPV found. Follow-up steps may include a repeat test in 1-3 years, a colposcopy, and, if cellular changes are found, treatment like cryotherapy or LEEP (depending on the severity of the changes) \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"}],\"nodeType\":\"list-item\"}],\"nodeType\":\"unordered-list\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"value\":\"The global shift toward HPV testing as the primary screening method\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"heading-2\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"In many places around the world, testing for HPV is becoming the go-to screening method. It’s better than traditional Pap tests at detecting high-risk infections early on, which means more people can get the care they need sooner (11). By catching potential problems early, HPV testing can reduce unnecessary follow-up procedures. It’s also a cost-effective and proactive approach to cancer prevention (11).\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"In the United States, however, switching over to HPV primary testing has been slower, even though it’s recommended by multiple guidelines and widely recognized as the most effective screening option. Major health groups like the World Health Organization (WHO), the American Cancer Society, the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP), and experts at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), all endorse HPV testing as the gold standard for cervical cancer screening (11-14). \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{\"target\":{\"sys\":{\"id\":\"6gBAlj53rIyJJBA1rzAkIj\",\"type\":\"Link\",\"linkType\":\"Entry\"}}},\"content\":[],\"nodeType\":\"embedded-entry-block\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"value\":\"The role of self-collection tests in HPV screening\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"heading-2\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"Self-collection HPV tests allow people to collect their own sample for HPV testing, either in a healthcare setting or (in some counties) at home (15). This method offers more privacy and control, which can reduce anxiety for those who may feel uncomfortable with traditional exams. Self-collection tests also improve access, especially for underserved communities, and help increase screening rates where healthcare access is limited (11).\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"value\":\"Why are Pap and HPV tests so important?\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"heading-2\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"The Pap test, introduced in the 1940s, has had a major public health impact. \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"value\":\"Before its invention, cervical cancer was one of the leading causes of death among women of childbearing age in the United States of America\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"},{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\". Since then, deaths from cervical cancer have decreased by 60%, primarily due to early detection (3). However, cervical cancer remains the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide, particularly in developing countries (4). Regular cervical cancer screening is crucial in preventing and detecting cancer early, saving lives, and improving outcomes for women and people with a cervix globally. \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"value\":\"How often should you get a pelvic exam and Pap test?\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"heading-2\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends having your first Pap test at age 21. After that, if results are negative, it’s generally recommended every three years until age 29. From age 30 to 65, a Pap/HPV co-test, or HPV primary test should be done every five years. After age 65, you may no longer need these tests if your previous screenings have been normal (10). \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"ACOG used to recommend that you get a routine pelvic exam at every yearly checkup. Now, the guidance is more personalized. A pelvic exam should be done if you have a specific concern or medical history that makes it necessary. For example, if you’re experiencing unusual pain, bleeding, or discharge, or if you have a past issue that needs monitoring. That means you only get a pelvic exam when it’s truly helpful for your health (16).\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"Guidelines may vary depending on where you live. If you’re unsure about when to start screening or how often to get tested, ask your healthcare provider. \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"value\":\"FAQs\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"heading-2\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"Is a Pap smear and a pelvic exam the same thing? \",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"heading-2\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"No, a Pap smear and a pelvic exam are not the same. A Pap smear (or Pap test) is a procedure where a healthcare provider collects cells from the cervix to check for abnormal or precancerous changes. A pelvic exam, on the other hand, involves the healthcare provider examining the reproductive organs, such as the ovaries and uterus, to look for any abnormalities. A Pap/HPV test may be performed during a pelvic exam, but a pelvic exam is not always necessary for a Pap test. (1).\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"Can I do a Pap test at home?\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"heading-3\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"Currently, Pap tests must be performed by a healthcare provider, as they require the collection of cells from the cervix using specific tools. However, self-collection HPV tests are available in some countries, which allow you to collect a sample for HPV testing at home. These tests are different from a Pap test and are used specifically to check for HPV infection (15).\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"What does it mean if I have a positive HPV test after years of negative tests?\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"heading-2\"},{\"data\":{},\"content\":[{\"data\":{},\"marks\":[],\"value\":\"\\nA positive HPV test after several years of negative results doesn't necessarily mean you’ve contracted a new infection. HPV can lie dormant in the body before becoming active again, similar to how the virus that causes chickenpox can later reactivate as shingles. Researchers are still unsure whether a reactivated HPV infection carries the same risk of causing cervical cell changes or cervical cancer as a new infection (6).\",\"nodeType\":\"text\"}],\"nodeType\":\"paragraph\"}],\"nodeType\":\"document\"}","references":[{"__typename":"ContentfulArticle","contentful_id":"Z68Iy0AswMuO2M4U6OS2K","title":"Uterine fibroids: Symptoms, causes and treatment ","slug":"cycle-a-z/uterine-fibroids-common-reason-for-irregular-bleeding-pain","sys":{"contentType":{"sys":{"type":"Link","id":"featuredImage","linkType":"ContentType"}},"type":"Entry"}},{"__typename":"ContentfulArticle","contentful_id":"5FKMeIRE1aOy4cgOAO4WU0","title":"Vulvas: shapes, sizes, and misconceptions","slug":"cycle-a-z/vulvas-shapes-sizes-misconceptions","sys":{"contentType":{"sys":{"type":"Link","id":"featuredImage","linkType":"ContentType"}},"type":"Entry"}},{"__typename":"ContentfulArticle","contentful_id":"5l4eZwDEJOQEOk6wEIWE8q","title":"Vaginas 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American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Well-Woman Visit. 2024 [cited 2025 Jan 7]. Well-Woman Visit. Available from: <https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2018/10/well-woman-visit>\n2. Munro MG, Critchley HOD, Fraser IS, Committee the FMD. The two FIGO systems for normal and abnormal uterine bleeding symptoms and classification of causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in the reproductive years: 2018 revisions. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 2018;143(3):393–408.\n3. Kitchen FL, Cox CM. Papanicolaou Smear. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 [cited 2025 Jan 7]. Available from: <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470165/>\n4. The World Health Organization. Cervical cancer fact sheet [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jan 7]. Available from: <https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer>\n5. American Cancer Society. The Pap (Papanicolaou) Test | Cervical Cancer Screening Test [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jan 7]. Available from: <https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/cervical-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/screening-tests/pap-test.html>\n6. National Cancer Institute. HPV and Pap Test Results: Next Steps after an Abnormal Test - NCI [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 Jan 7]. Available from: <https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/screening/abnormal-hpv-pap-test-results>\n7. Plummer M, Schiffman M, Castle PE, Maucort-Boulch D, Wheeler CM; ALTS Group. A 2-year prospective study of human papillomavirus persistence among women with a cytological diagnosis of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. J Infect Dis. 2007 Jun 1;195(11):1582–9.\n8. CDC. Cervical Cancer. 2024 [cited 2025 Jan 7]. Reducing Risk for Cervical Cancer. Available from: <https://www.cdc.gov/cervical-cancer/prevention/index.html>\n9. Lam JUH, Rebolj M, Dugué PA, Bonde J, von Euler-Chelpin M, Lynge E. Condom use in prevention of Human Papillomavirus infections and cervical neoplasia: systematic review of longitudinal studies. J Med Screen [Internet]. 2014 Mar 1 [cited 2025 Jan 7];21(1):38–50.\n10. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Updated Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines. 2024 [cited 2025 Jan 7]. Updated Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines. Available from: <https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-advisory/articles/2021/04/updated-cervical-cancer-screening-guidelines>\n11. Wentzensen N, Arbyn M. HPV-based cervical cancer screening- facts, fiction, and misperceptions. Prev Med [Internet]. 2017 May [cited 2025 Jan 7];98:33–5. Available from: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5347477/>\n12. The World Health Organization. WHO recommends DNA testing as a first-choice screening method for cervical cancer prevention [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jan 7]. Available from: <https://www.who.int/europe/news-room/11-09-2021-who-recommends-dna-testing-as-a-first-choice-screening-method-for-cervical-cancer-prevention>\n13. American Cancer Society. The HPV Test. [cited 2025 Jan 7]. The HPV Test | Cervical Cancer Screening Test. Available from: <https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/cervical-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/screening-tests/hpv-test.html>\n14. Fontham ETH, Wolf AMD, Church TR, Etzioni R, Flowers CR, Herzig A, et al. Cervical cancer screening for individuals at average risk: 2020 guideline update from the American Cancer Society. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2020;70(5):321–46.\n15. Serrano B, Ibáñez R, Robles C, Peremiquel-Trillas P, de Sanjosé S, Bruni L. Worldwide use of HPV self-sampling for cervical cancer screening. Preventive Medicine. 2022 Jan 1;154:106900.\n16. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. The Utility of and Indications for Routine Pelvic Examination. 2018 [cited 2025 Jan 7]. The Utility of and Indications for Routine Pelvic Examination. Available from: <https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2018/10/the-utility-of-and-indications-for-routine-pelvic-examination>"},"partnerships":null,"relatedArticles":null,"articleFooterDownloadWidgetText":null},"recommendedArticles":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"1jaNjWpQXSgYEaawuq8Q4I","title":"Vaginal yeast infection 101: Symptoms & Treatment","slug":"cycle-a-z/yeast-infections-101","snippet":"Yeast is commonly found in the vagina, but when it overgrows it can cause an infection.","locale":"en","publishDate":"2019-07-10T00:00+02:00","authors":[{"id":"3Iyv4eECg0QEAakqKCoKQC","name":"Laurie Ray, DNP","headline":"Science Writer at Clue","slug":"laurie-ray","twitter":null,"locale":"en","profileImage":{"id":"1pX0hDtDeo0CiA2KY02kqS","description":"Laurie 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